How Do You Know if You Have a Negative Charge Chem
Learning Objective
- Compare the different classes of ions
Key Points
- Ions are formed when the number of protons in an cantlet does not equal the number of electrons. If more protons are nowadays, the ion is positive and is known as a cation; if more than electrons are present, the ion is negative and referred to as an anion.
- Ions are highly reactive species. They are generally constitute in a gaseous state and do not occur in affluence on Earth. They are repelled by similar electric charges and are attracted to reverse charges.
- The electron cloud of an cantlet determines the size of the atom; added electrons (anions) increase the electron repulsion, increasing the ion'south size, while cations (with less electrons) are smaller than the atom because there are fewer electrons in the cloud to repel each other.
Terms
- ionAn cantlet or group of atoms bearing an electric charge, such as the sodium and chlorine atoms in a salt solution.
- anionIons that are negatively charged because they have more electrons than protons.
- cationIons that are positively charged because they accept more protons than electrons.
An atom is a basic unit of measurement of matter that consists of a dumbo nucleus composed of positively charged protons and neutral neutrons, which is surrounded by a deject of negatively charged electrons. If an cantlet has the same number of protons and electrons, it is electronically neutral. Withal, if the total number of electrons does not equal the number of protons, the cantlet has a internet electrical charge.
Whatsoever cantlet or molecule with a internet charge, either positive or negative, is known equally an ion. An ion consisting of a unmarried cantlet is a monoatomic ion; an ion consisting of two or more atoms is referred to equally a polyatomic ion. The positive electric charge of a proton is equal in magnitude to the negative charge of an electron; therefore, the internet electric accuse of an ion is equal to its number of protons minus its number of electrons.
Ions are highly reactive species. They are by and large found in a gaseous state and do not occur in abundance on Earth. Ions in the liquid or solid state are produced when salts collaborate with their solvents. They are repelled past like electrical charges and are attracted to opposite charges.
Types of Ions
There are specialized types of ions. Anions have more than electrons than protons and so take a net negative charge. Cations have more than protons than electrons and and then take a net positive charge. Zwitterions are neutral and have both positive and negative charges at different locations throughout the molecule. Anions are by and large larger than the parent molecule or atom, because the excess electrons repel each other and add to the physical size of the electron cloud. Cations are by and large smaller than their parent cantlet or molecule due to the smaller size of their electron clouds.
An ion is denoted by writing its net negative accuse in superscript immediately after the chemical construction for the atom/molecule. Conventionally the internet charge is written with the magnitude before the sign; the magnitude of singly charged molecules/atoms is generally omitted. Monoatomic ions are sometimes also represented by Roman numerals, which designate the formal oxidation state of the element, whereas the superscripted numerals denote the internet charge. For case, Iron2+ tin be referred to as Fe(Two). These representations tin be idea of as equivalent for monoatomic ions, but the Roman numerals cannot be applied to polyatomic ions.
Forming Ions
Ions tin be formed by ionization, which is the process of a neutral cantlet losing or gaining electrons. Generally, the electrons are either added to or lost from the valence shell of an atom; the inner-crush electrons are more tightly bound to the positively charged nucleus and and then do non participate in this type of chemical interaction.
Ionization mostly involves a transfer of electrons between atoms or molecules. The process is motivated by the achievement of more stable electronic configurations, such as the octet rule, which states that most stable atoms and ions have eight electrons in their outermost (valence) trounce. Polyatomic and molecular ions can also be formed, by and large by gaining or losing elemental ions, such as H+, in neutral molecules. Polyatomic ions are mostly very unstable and reactive.
An mutual instance of an ion is Na+. Sodium has a +one charge considering sodium has 11 electrons. Even so, according to the octet rule, sodium would be more stable with x electrons (2 in its inner most trounce, 8 in its outermost shell). Therefore, sodium tends to lose an electron to get more stable. On the other hand, chlorine tends to proceeds an electron to become Cl–. Chlorine naturally has 17 electrons simply it would be more than stable with 18 electrons (2 in its inner most beat, eight in its second crush, and 8 in its valence shell). Therefore, chlorine will take an electron from another cantlet to go negatively charged.
Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/ions/
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